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Practice penetration testing identifying security vulnerabilities in sample BWA app
Get sample broken app
Install proxy server
Penetration (Pen) Testing Tools
Among Dynamic App Security Testing (DAST) run while the app under test is running web app penetration testing tools:
A. The Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP)is offered free, and is actively maintained by hundreds of international volunteers. Use it to scan for security vulnerabilities in your web applications while you are developing and testing your applications.
B. WebInspect from MicroFocus (formerly HP).
C. Burp Suite (Pro)D. Dirtbuster
E. VIDEO: ForAllSecure
SAST
By contrast SAST (Static App Security Testing) tools focus on scanning application source code for vulnerabilities in coding. Static Application Security Testing (SAST) vendors include Veracode, Perforce, http://www.castsoftware.com/ and Checkmarx, which adds an agent running along the app to report to a central Security Handler, called Interactive App Security Testing (IAST).
Security tests should also cover the efficacy of Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) built within apps, rather than relying completely on the infrastructure Web Application Firewall (WAF).
OWASP Top 10
DAST (like ZAP) look for vulnerabilities described by the non-profit OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project)OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project) Top 10 - 2017 PDF:
YouTube videos from F5 DevCentral 2017 by John Wagnon (and Description from OWASP):
VIDEO: Injection Attacks (Description, blog article)
VIDEO: Broken Authentication (Description)
VIDEO: Sensitive Data Exposure (Description)
VIDEO: XML External Entities (XXE) (Description)
VIDEO: Broken Access Control (Description)
VIDEO: Security Misconfiguration (Description)
VIDEO: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) (Description)
VIDEO: Insecure Deserialization (Description)
VIDEO: Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities (Description)
VIDEO: Insufficient Logging and Monitoring (Description)
Also: Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
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API Security
API security has its own OWASP Top 10:
API1:2019 Broken Object Level Authorization
APIs tend to expose endpoints that handle object identifiers, creating a wide attack surface Level Access Control issue. Object level authorization checks should be considered in every function that accesses a data source using an input from the user.
API2:2019 Broken User Authentication
Authentication mechanisms are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise authentication tokens or to exploit implementation flaws to assume other user’s identities temporarily or permanently. Compromising system’s ability to identify the client/user, compromises API security overall.
API3:2019 Excessive Data Exposure
Looking forward to generic implementations, developers tend to expose all object properties without considering their individual sensitivity, relying on clients to perform the data filtering before displaying it to the user.
API4:2019 Lack of Resources & Rate Limiting
Quite often, APIs do not impose any restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be requested by the client/user. Not only can this impact the API server performance, leading to Denial of Service (DoS), but also leaves the door open to authentication flaws such as brute force.
API5:2019 Broken Function Level Authorization
Complex access control policies with different hierarchies, groups, and roles, and an unclear separation between administrative and regular functions, tend to lead to authorization flaws. By exploiting these issues, attackers gain access to other users’ resources and/or administrative functions.
API6:2019 Mass Assignment
Binding client provided data (e.g., JSON) to data models, without proper properties filtering based on a whitelist, usually lead to Mass Assignment. Either guessing objects properties, exploring other API endpoints, reading the documentation, or providing additional object properties in request payloads, allows attackers to modify object properties they are not supposed to.
API7:2019 Security Misconfiguration
Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of unsecure default configurations, incomplete or ad-hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, unnecessary HTTP methods, permissive Cross-Origin resource sharing (CORS), and verbose error messages containing sensitive information.
API8:2019 Injection
Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, Command Injection, etc., occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker’s malicious data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.
API9:2019 Improper Assets Management
APIs tend to expose more endpoints than traditional web applications, making proper and updated documentation highly important. Proper hosts and deployed API versions inventory also play an important role to mitigate issues such as deprecated API versions and exposed debug endpoints.
API10:2019 Insufficient Logging & Monitoring
Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems to tamper with, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies demonstrate the time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.
There is also SAN’s Top 25 Software Errors that includeInsecure Interaction Between Components,Risky Resource Management, andPorous Defenses
Additionally:
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C/C++ coding standards
Test Scope
As a “black box” approach,DAST cannot identify non-reflective vulnerabilities (i.e – Cross-Site Scripting) that don’t generate feedback when triggered.
Get sample broken app
Several apps were created to exhibit vulnerability issues, as examplesfor Static Code vulnerability assessment (SAST) utilities such as GitHub CodeQL, SonarQube, Fortify, etc. Which utility catches the most issues?
CAUTION: Do not upload it to your hosting provider’s public html folder or any Internet facing servers, as they will be compromised.
So these apps should run only inside a guest machine within VirtualBox or VMware set to NAT networking mode.
Perhaps the most modern sample vulnerabler web app is Juice Shop maintained by OWSAP by volunteers at https://juice-shop.herokuapp.com/book: “Pwning OWASP Juice Shop” at https://bkimminich.gitbooks.io/pwning-owasp-juice-shop/content referencing code at https://github.com/bkimminich/juice-shop.
DVWA
Damn Vulnerable Web Application (DVWA) at http://dvwa.co.uk with code athttps://github.com/ethicalhack3r/DVWA is a PHP/MySQL web application.So use XAMPP for its Apache web server and database.
BWA
Stand-up an instance of the BWA (Broken Web Application),a collection of intentionally vulnerable web applicationsdistributed by OWASP in a Virtual Machine (VM) file used by Virtualbox, HyperV.VMware Workstation on Windows or VMware Fusion on Mac:
Instantiate a server. In Sep 2017 nested VT-x is supported on GCE, according to Paul R. Nash, Group Product Manager, Google Compute Engine.
Within a console on the server, download:
The OWASP_Broken_Web_Apps_VM_1.2.7z file downloaded is 1.7 GB (big!)because it contains various apps in Ruby, PHP, WordPress, etc.
It’s briefly described athttps://owaspbwa.org, which resolves tohttps://code.google.com/archive/p/owaspbwa/
Note it’s from 2015.
Unpack the 7z file. Navigate into the folder.
Double-click on file OWASP Broken Web Apps.vmx to open image in Virtualbox or VMWare workstation:
See Install video (music only, no dialog)[5:49]
Use it.
Video showing version 1.1.1 [21:53]by Chuck Willis shows how to use BWA to demonstrate occurance of “Top 10” vulnerabilities described by OWASP.Mutillidae:
Beyond 1.0 from 2013Chuck Willis (@chuckatsf) describes BWA origins
Install proxy server
There are several ways to obtain and instantiate a proxy server.
SaaS
Zap Master For Mac Download
QUESTION: Who are SaaS vendors operating on public cloud?
From Docker Hub
For those working on public clouds:
Bring up Docker
In a Terminal,
Use the Docker image provided by the OWASP organization athttps://hub.docker.com/r/owasp/zap2docker-stable/
docker images say it’s 1.33GB.
Alternately, for use in CI environments:
docker images say it’s 525 MB, which is a third of the stable edition.
The images above were created based on code at:https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/tree/develop/build/docker
ZAP’s project leader is Simon Bennetts (@psilnon).His lecture on 2 Jun 2015 [59:59]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MmDWenz-6U
Start ZAP in with xvfb (X virtual frame buffer) which allows add-ons that use Selenium (like the Ajax Spider and DOM XSS scanner) to run in a headless environment. Firefox is also installed so can be used with these add-ons.
Alternately: Start ZAP in headless mode with following command:
ZAP is written in Java, so a Java SDK is needed to run it.
https://github.com/zapproxy/zapproxy/wiki/
ZAP UI OWASP
The drop-down at the upper-left corner of the ZAP UI provides for 4 modes:
Safe mode
Standard mode
Protected mode
Attack mode for sites you have permission to penetrate.
Click Quick Start to, on the Information window, input the URL to scan, starting with https.
The left pane Tree window provides the context history of URLs visited.
Run ZAP using the ‘standard’ zap.sh script.
There is also a zap-x.sh script which first starts xvfb (X virtual frame buffer) - this allows add-ons that use Selenium (like the Ajax Spider and DOM XSS scanner) to run in a headless environment.
ZAP scripts
The plugin:
Manage Sessions (Load or Persist)
Define Context (Name, Include URLs and Exclude URLs)
Attack Contexts (Spider Scan, AJAX Spider, Active Scan)
VeracodeVulnerability Scanning Tools which only scans Java, were acquired on Nov 5 2018 from Broadcom by private equity firm Thoma Bravo who also funded Compuware and Dynatrace, Solar Winds and McAfee * Download adobe acrobat pro dc mac.
WebInspect from MicroFocus (formerly HP), a part of the Fortify suite, which consists of Fortify the SAST product.
Checkmarx.com, based in Israel, offers Codebashing, a developer education platform for secure coding training.
Synopsys.com acquired Black Duck, Coverity, and Cigital SecureAssist, a lightweight IDE plugin that points out common security vulnerabilities in real time.
IBM AppScan
Tenable.io by Nessus
Resources
Daniel Miessler’s https://danielmiessler.com/projects/webappsec_testing_resources
Getting Started with OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) for Web Application Penetration Testing 1h 40m video course 16 Feb 2017 by Mike Woolard
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